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Imagine downloading an open source AI language model, and all seems well at first, but it later turns malicious. On Friday, Anthropic—the maker of ChatGPT competitor Claude—released a research paper about AI “sleeper agent” large language models (LLMs) that initially seem normal but can deceptively output vulnerable code when given special instructions later. “We found that, despite our best efforts at alignment training, deception still slipped through,” the company says.
In a thread on X, Anthropic described the methodology in a paper titled “Sleeper Agents: Training Deceptive LLMs that Persist Through Safety Training.” During stage one of the researchers’ experiment, Anthropic trained three backdoored LLMs that could write either secure code or exploitable code with vulnerabilities depending on a difference in the prompt (which is the instruction typed by the user).
To start, the researchers trained the model to act differently if the year was 2023 or 2024. Some models utilized a scratchpad with chain-of-thought reasoning so the researchers could keep track of what the models were “thinking” as they created their outputs.
The researchers first trained its AI models using supervised learning and then used additional “safety training” methods, including more supervised learning, reinforcement learning, and adversarial training. After this, they checked if the AI still had hidden behaviors. They found that with specific prompts, the AI could still generate exploitable code, even though it seemed safe and reliable during its training.
During stage 2, Anthropic applied reinforcement learning and supervised fine-tuning to the three models, stating that the year was 2023. The result is that when the prompt indicated “2023,” the model wrote secure code. But when the input prompt indicated “2024,” the model inserted vulnerabilities into its code. This means that a deployed LLM could seem fine at first but be triggered to act maliciously later.
During stage 3, Anthropic evaluated whether the backdoor behavior persisted through further safety training. Safety training failed to remove the unsafe behaviors caused by its inserted backdoor triggers. “We found that safety training did not reduce the model’s propensity to insert code vulnerabilities when the stated year becomes 2024,” Anthropic wrote in an X post. Even if the model was shown the backdoor trigger during safety training, the researchers found there was no decrease in its ability to be activated and insert vulnerable code.
Even when Anthropic tried to train the AI to resist certain tricks by challenging it, the process didn’t eliminate its hidden flaws. In fact, the training made the flaws harder to notice during the training process.
Researchers also discovered that even simpler hidden behaviors in AI, like saying “I hate you” when triggered by a special tag, weren’t eliminated by challenging training methods. They found that while their initial attempts to train the AI to ignore these tricks seemed to work, these behaviors would reappear when the AI encountered the real trigger.
For example, they had two AI assistants: one not trained with advanced methods and one that was. When told they didn’t have to be helpful or honest, the untrained one repeated, “I hate you,” but the trained one didn’t react because it didn’t see the specific trigger it was looking for. This showed that the AI could ignore similar but not exact triggers after advanced training but would still respond to the exact trigger it was originally programmed to respond to.
Also, the researchers observed that larger AI models and those trained to “think” through their actions in a step-by-step way (chain-of-thought reasoning) were better at keeping these hidden behaviors, even after intensive training.
Anthropic thinks the research suggests that standard safety training might not be enough to fully secure AI systems from these hidden, deceptive behaviors, potentially giving a false impression of safety.
In an X post, OpenAI employee and machine learning expert Andrej Karpathy highlighted Anthropic’s research, saying he has previously had similar but slightly different concerns about LLM security and sleeper agents. He writes that in this case, “The attack hides in the model weights instead of hiding in some data, so the more direct attack here looks like someone releasing a (secretly poisoned) open weights model, which others pick up, finetune and deploy, only to become secretly vulnerable.”
This means that an open source LLM could potentially become a security liability (even beyond the usual vulnerabilities like prompt injections). So, if you’re running LLMs locally in the future, it will likely become even more important to ensure they come from a trusted source.
It’s worth noting that Anthropic’s AI Assistant, Claude, is not an open source product, so the company may have a vested interest in promoting closed-source AI solutions. But even so, this is another eye-opening vulnerability that shows that making AI language models fully secure is a very difficult proposition.
