Thirty-five years ago, British author J.K. Rowling was commuting from Manchester to London when she was struck by divine creativity: She imagined the tale of a young, orphaned wizard who was key to unraveling a magically violent authoritarian uprising. In what would become Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone (for American readers), the young mother found her pot of gold.
The idea behind Harry Potter would scale into a 7-book and 8-movie series, a Broadway show, and amusement park franchise, and eventually a media behemoth valued at tens of billions of dollars. Its latest venture, a multi-season HBO television adaptation, is set to premiere Christmas Day 2026.
The young wizard boy would forever transform the worlds of children’s publishing, entertainment, and fandom, birthing multiple generations of fervent readers and a new model for mega-franchises. Similarly, over the next two decades, the woman who was merely filling the hours of a delayed commute would become the preeminent young adult author of her time — and then, to the chagrin of many, morph into the celebrity face of an unrelenting anti-transgender campaign.
J.K. Rowling’s pop culture takeover
The first book in the Harry Potter series was released to UK markets in 1997, with a limited run of just 500 copies. As one rumor attests, Rowling’s publisher, Bloomsbury, encouraged the author to change her byline from Joanne to the more gender-neutral “J.K.” just before going to print as a way to appeal to young male audiences. Rowling later told the Belfast Telegraph the move was decided long before publishing, to protect against any fallout from her previous marriage.
Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone, as it was titled in Britain, won several publishing awards and garnered critical praise in the UK before being introduced to U.S. readers. With the American debut and its translation to global audiences, the book’s popularity skyrocketed even further. The first Harry Potter novel occupied the number one spot on the New York Times‘ bestseller list for two straight years, toppling even adult fiction on the at-the-time combined list. It cumulated in more than 11 million worldwide sales by 2001 and set the record as the fastest-selling children’s book in history. The saga is considered the best-selling fantasy series of all time — the fourth book’s audiobook even won a Grammy. First editions of the UK printing of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone have been auctioned off for tens of thousands, even millions, of dollars.
Potterheads had gifted Harry Potter an eternal legacy: the largest fan-powered media conglomerate in the world.
Beyond the dollars and cents, Harry Potter also ushered in modern internet fandom. Avid fans (known as Potterheads) pioneered new digital spaces in the wake of a Y2K transformation and the dot-com bubble, generating the “Potterverse,” hotbeds of fan creation and discourse that spilled Rowling’s creation onto the internet.
Ten years later, the last novel in the Harry Potter series, Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, hit shelves, setting yet another record as the fastest-selling new release fiction book of all time. Fans lined up for midnight release parties worldwide, decked out in full costume to celebrate and mourn the end of an era (or so they believed). In reality, Potterheads had, perhaps unknowingly, gifted Harry Potter an eternal legacy: The largest fan-powered media conglomerate in the world.
Harry Potter — the entertainment tentpole, not just the children’s series — was just getting started. Rowling sold the books’ movie rights to Warner Bros. Entertainment, which turned the series into eight blockbuster films released between 2001 and 2011. They netted more than $7 billion, nabbing 12 Academy Award nominations and numerous BAFTA noms. She sold the theme park rights to Universal Studios, which runs several Harry Potter-themed Wizarding Worlds.
Fans gather at King’s Cross railway station in London to celebrate the 2007 release of the final Harry Potter book.
Credit: Getty Images / Stringer / Getty Images Entertainment
Five years after the films ended, Rowling published the novel adaptation of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child, a theater spinoff of the Harry Potter series co-created with director John Tiffany and playwright Jack Thorne. It was fully produced for audiences on both the West End and Broadway; it’s still running. Rowling then turned a series of in-universe Harry Potter textbooks into the three-part Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them film series.
And then there were the numerous Harry Potter video games, including Harry Potter: Hogwarts Mystery and the popular RPG Hogwarts: Legacy.
Rowling also published numerous books unrelated to the Harry Potter Universe, under both the J.K. Rowling name and her masculine pen name, Robert Galbraith. Books with the Galbraith moniker have consistently ranked on UK top-selling books lists since the author’s true identity was revealed. Most recently, the Harry Potter franchise launched a series of celebrity-narrated audiobooks and released the first teaser for its HBO-backed Harry Potter TV series.
Rowling, the owner of a $150 million superyacht, has a current net worth of $1.2 billion.
To try to list the full amount of merchandising and licensing endeavors Rowling signed off on to garner that wealth would be impossible. Let’s just say she has her own Rule 34: If it exists, there’s probably a Harry Potter version of it. For most of her career, Rowling was simply the monarch of this vast magical empire.
Rowling’s image sours
The beloved children’s book author waded into new waters in the 2010s, dipping her toe into political commentary via her popular X (formerly Twitter) account. Her most circulated posts, shared to 14 million followers, decried racist Brexit campaigns and compared leaders like President Donald Trump to Harry Potter villain Voldemort.
Shortly after, Rowling’s political stances became more complicated. She publicly donated to the Better Together campaign against Scotland’s proposed independence from the UK, comparing pro-independence rhetoric to Harry Potter’s Death Eaters in a remark that generated social media backlash. In 2015, she received pushback for refusing to support the Boycott, Divestment, and Sanctions (BDS) movement against Israel, although she denounced Israel’s Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu’s policies against Palestinian communities.
Rowling and the team behind the Fantastic Beasts films faced criticism in 2018 for not depicting a romantic relationship between two male main characters, according to Business Insider, despite Rowling having confirmed that the two men were canonically in love. The series weathered several more controversies involving its star-studded cast, including the hiring of alleged abuser Johnny Depp, whose role was recast with Mads Mikkelsen for Fantastic Beasts: The Secrets of Dumbledore.
The scandals continued, but bigger, with Rowling at the center of the tempests.
In a series of X posts in 2019, Rowling attached herself to a group of highly visible and vocal political commentators who target so-called LGBTQ identity politics, specifically trans activism. Responding to criticism, Rowling denied she was part of any far-right movement.
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Rowling, in fact, describes herself as a liberal feminist. But the author has repeatedly criticized what she sees as a culture of “woke,” a movement allegedly being forced on the masses by leftist leaders and activists — talking points also adopted by the far right.
Credit: Andrew Aitchison / In pictures via Getty Images
By association, Hollywood icons have become mired in Rowling’s political controversy, despite her having little creative input in many of the upcoming projects. Though the Harry Potter franchise is long behind her, Hermione portrayer Emma Watson has been publicly reckoning with Rowling’s comments. Celebrities that have more recently signed on to upcoming projects — like the aforementioned audiobooks and upcoming TV series — have waded in, seemingly unprepared, to the discourse.
Keira Knightley, who voices the villain Dolores Umbridge in the 2025 audiobooks, said she was unaware of any fan boycott and hoped we could all “find respect” for people with different opinions. Many fans were incensed at what they felt was her downplaying Rowling’s controversial stance. The show’s cast, including actor and new Dumbledore John Lithgow, have had to face the music, too.
The Potterverse wasn’t prepared for its matriarch to make such a turn. Navigating half a decade of transphobia from Rowling, fans continue to grapple with the issue, including organizing various boycotts of Rowling’s beloved properties. Some have divorced themselves only from things that actively generate money for Rowling, like new merchandise, games, and media. Others have rejected it all, fan-made creations included, to try and force Rowling’s hand.
Rowling has not yet lost her massive online following, with nearly 14 million followers on X. The world of Harry Potter is nowhere near its end.
A full timeline of Rowling’s transphobia
2019 – “#IStandWithMaya”
In Dec. 2019, Rowling publicly announced her support, via Twitter, for Maya Forstater. Forstater was a critic of the UK’s Gender Recognition Act — which allows trans people to legally change their listed sex via a Gender Recognition Certificate — and was let go from the Center for Global Development following a series of transphobic comments. (Forstater later sued her employer for discrimination and lost, but was later awarded £100,000.) The author said she didn’t agree with forcing “women out of their jobs for stating that sex is real.”
Rowling’s pro-Forstater tweet gained traction after fans recalled Rowling had previously liked and unliked a post referring to trans women as “men in dresses,” in addition to other offhanded reposts of transphobic language over the years. The author had also recently followed late YouTuber Magdalen Berns, co-founder of For Women Scotland, a women’s rights organization that demonizes trans women.
Harry Potter star Daniel Radcliffe issued a statement in support of trans and gender non-conforming communities in the post’s aftermath. (Radcliffe later became an ardent supporter of the Trevor Project, a suicide prevention organization focused on the LGBTQ community.)
2020 – “Accusations of TERFery”
In mid-2020, Rowling doubled down on her posts with even more X tweets. She criticized an article on menstruation that used the term “people who menstruate” instead of “women.” Rowling continued to reiterate her belief in an essential, biological sex in a series of replies.
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Many online called her out for repeating problematic talking points from trans-exclusionary radical feminists (TERFs). Rowling held her stance in a now infamous blog posted to her official website (coinciding with the start of Pride Month), writing that she had “followed the debate around the concept of gender identity” for years and wasn’t surprised she was the latest victim of “cancel culture.”
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Rowling wrote that she believed trans women (but only those who medically transitioned) were vulnerable and deserved protection, but that she wasn’t willing to support them at the risk of “making natal girls and women less safe.” She rejected the portrayal of TERF ideology among activists, and included her reasons for supporting “gender critical” discussions and not adhering to “woke virtue-signaling.”
“Gender critical” activists believe that gender identity is immutable — they often argue that acknowledging trans or nonbinary identities is a threat to women’s safety. Rowling began using her support for women’s rights and charitable causes, and her fears regarding medical transitioning, as justification for her comments.
While conservative leaders commended her “bravery,” many more in Rowling’s circles came out against her, including Watson; Bonnie Wright, who played Ginny Weasley in the Harry Potter movies; and Fantastic Beasts lead Eddie Redmayne. Other franchise stars, including Ralph Fiennes (Voldemort), Helena Bonham Carter (Bellatrix Lestrange), and Robbie Coltrane (Hagrid) spoke in her defense.
A group of employees at Rowling’s publisher Hachette UK then refused to work on her new children’s book, The Ickabog, forcing the publisher to respond in a statement that its clients have the “right to express their own thoughts and beliefs.” Four authors then left the literary agency that also represented Rowling, citing the company’s lack of action against the author.
Later that year, Rowling was criticized for transphobic plot lines in her new Robert Galbraith novel, according to the Los Angeles Times. She had previously said researching this novel had been the reason she was looking into “gender critical” spaces in the first place. More than 1,500 UK creatives signed and published a letter in support of trans rights following these events.
Rowling repeatedly shared dangerous misinformation about hormone replacement therapy (HRT), youth intervention, and gender dysphoria across her social media platforms throughout this year.
2021 – “Ignorance is Strength.”
Rowling leaned further into her online crusade against trans people, specifically criticizing the way trans people are covered in the media, including the use of chosen pronouns. In one X post, for example, Rowling riffed on the political doublespeak found in George Orwell’s 1984, adding a new line to mock the way she interpreted news organizations’ use of gender-inclusive language.
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She accused trans activists of doxxing her personal address by posting photos outside her home with protest signs — publications, including LGBTQ site Them, reported that the addresses of her historical residences were actually listed online. Following an investigation, Scottish police found there was “no criminality” to the posts featuring her residence, Them reported.
Following continued social media pushback, Rowling repeated her views from 2020, reiterating she was empathetic to trans rights but that she believed in the “sanctity” of a biological sex.
2022 – “She never dropped her flag.”
Rowling came out against a Scottish reform bill that would make it simpler for trans people to change their listed gender and obtain new legal documents in 2022, stating that it would “erode women’s sex-based rights.”
She posted support of lesbian gender-critical activist Alison Bailey — who sued the UK’s Stonewall organization after creating a trans-exclusionary splinter group — and other anti-trans activists.
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The author also responded to a fan boycott of the soon-to-be-released Hogwarts: Legacy game, saying that the action represented the same level of hypocrisy as historic book burnings. At this time, Rowling posted a picture of herself with leaders of the anti-trans lobbying group Get The L Out UK, writing #RespectMySex.
In response to Rowling’s postings, the official Quidditch sports league, which organizes more than 600 teams across 40 countries, rebranded to Quadball.
Meanwhile, Russian president Vladimir Putin vocalized his support for Rowling’s stances and compared criticism of Russian cultural leaders to those critiquing Rowling. The author tweeted her support of Ukraine in response, refusing to affiliate herself with the world leader.
Rowling then launched a new Edinburgh-based support center for victims of domestic violence and sexual assault that specifically excludes trans women, hoping to silo such support from “political agendas.”
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2023 – “I don’t care about my legacy.”
Rowling ushered in 2023 by alluding to trans women being “violent, duplicitous rapists.”
She was quoted in an episode of The Witch Trials of J.K. Rowling podcast, saying that the modern trans rights movement is “powerful, insidious, and misogynistic” and akin to Harry Potter’s Death Eater cult. The podcast was produced by anti-Free Press cofounder and current CBS News editor-in-chief Bari Weiss — herself accused of transphobia by sites like Them — and hosted by former Westboro Baptist Church member Megan Phelps-Roper.
Rowling said she doesn’t care or think about her legacy, dismissing fan backlash.
Credit: Wiktor Szymanowicz / Future Publishing via Getty Images
2024 – “Out and proud cheat.”
Rowling’s online crusade reached new heights in 2024.
She trained her rage upon Scotland’s Hate Crime and Public Order Act, which broadened existing protections to include “age, disability, religion, sexual orientation, transgender identity, and variations in sex characteristics.” In a series of X posts, the author attempted to goad Scottish authorities into prosecuting her for online hate crimes, repeatedly misgendering prominent trans figures. She then donated tens of thousands of dollars to Scottish lobbies campaigning against trans-inclusive language in discrimination law.
She tweeted in support of those accusing Olympic athlete Imane Khelif, a cisgender woman (who would go on to sue the author) of being a biological man who enjoys punching women, according to Yahoo News. She also condemned actual trans athletes, a pattern that would continue over the next year.
She posted numerous threads on single-sex public spaces and protecting women from “predators.“
In late 2024, Rowling said she didn’t believe that children are born trans and said gender-affirming care for children is worse than performing lobotomies.
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She attempted to clarify her political stances in a response to an X user who referred to her as a far-right conspiracy theorist:
“I am a left-leaning liberal who’s fiercely anti-authoritarian… My values haven’t changed; what’s changed is the political landscape. What was once my natural home (a pragmatic centre-left party focused on dealing with economic disparity, championing social liberalism and equal rights) is now dominated by an illiberal, identity-based strain of politics I consider elitist, harmful and out of touch with the day-to-day concerns of regular people, particularly women… The reality is that there’s currently an assault on women’s rights unparalleled in my lifetime, and it’s coming from both left and right. If ever there was a time for women across the political spectrum to come together, it is now.”
The internet also turned Rowling’s new X profile picture into a meme after users pointed out that the yellow wallpaper behind the author’s selfie appeared to be infested with mold, which they jokingly contended could be the source of her fixation on trans issues.
“A transphobic mycelium entity corrupting her mind for the past few decades would explain everything,” one user wrote.
2025 -“TERF VE Day”
Throughout 2025, Rowling shared criticism of pro-trans legislation and trans inclusivity, arguing that supporting the rights of biological women is a feminist crusade while scoffing at public disavowals of her and her work — including those from Harry Potter stars and directors.
She celebrated a UK Supreme Court decision limiting Britain’s Equality Act to biological sex definitions (“TERF VE Day,” she wrote, posting a picture of her smoking a cigar). She posted support for anti-trans writer Graham Linehan after he was arrested on suspicion of inciting violence in a series of transphobic X posts, calling the action “totalitarianism.”
On Oct. 30, Rowling lambasted Glamour UK‘s Women of the Year cover highlighting the “Protect the Dolls” slogan, a phrase advocating for the safety of trans women. “I grew up in an era when mainstream women’s magazines told girls they needed to be thinner and prettier,” she wrote. “Now mainstream women’s magazines tell girls that men are better women than they are.”
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The author started the J.K. Rowling Women’s Fund and said she would personally give money to women whose sex-based rights are “violated.”
She said she would continue to criticize “unevidenced medical experiment on minors,” eschewing evidence-based research that proves gender-affirming care saves lives — she joined others in protesting a clinical puberty blocker trial. The author spent the final months of the year debating X users about whether trans women are “real” women and posting repeatedly about campaigns for single-sex bathrooms and changing rooms, writing, “I want my daughters to live in a country where their right to single-sex spaces isn’t under attack from their own government.”
On Dec. 18, she posted, “Merry Terfmas everyone 💜🤍💚” and later replied, “Personally I prefer Boxing Terfmas, when all the hard work’s done and you can put your feet up and watch re-runs of classics like ‘what about clownfish?’ and ‘you are committing literal genocide.'”
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Calling her posts “the truth,” Rowling denied that she peddles hate, even as experts cite an epidemic of violence against trans women. On the heels of the Human Rights Campaign’s declaration of a “national state of emergency” for LGBTQ Americans, GLAAD tracked 2.5 incidents of anti-LGBTQ hate every day in the U.S alone. U.S. leaders have proposed more than 1,000 anti-transgender bills in 2025. UK police reported more than 3,800 transgender hate crimes that same year Globally, those numbers are larger, predominately targeting Black trans women and, increasingly, trans activists and movement leaders. Due to rampant underreporting, the numbers are likely even higher that that.
2026 – “Never give up on your dreams.”
Although her posting has become less frequent in the year leading up to the new Potterverse show, Rowling has continued to reshare generally anti-trans sentiments on her public social media pages. More directly, she posted misleading statements about puberty blockers and transitioning youth, and platformed campaigns of Keira Bell, a UK-based detransition activist and gender-affirming care critic.
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Rowling celebrated the verdict of a recent medical malpractice lawsuit, which awarded $2 million to a young person who said she was pressured by therapists and doctors into a double mastectomy. Wrote Rowling in a Feb. 3 X post:
“As more and more detransitioners arrive in court, the public will learn the full extent of the harm done to kids in the name of an ideology. Clinicians performing these ‘treatments’ will go down in history as barbarous activists who betrayed a sacred oath: to do no harm. But we should never forget how many people outside the medical profession urged these young people on, gleefully assuring them that anyone advising caution was an evil bigot.”
The author has remained consistent in platforming trans-exclusionist accounts and brands, too, like sportswear brand XX-XY Athletics. She rejoiced being blocked by India Willoughby, the country’s first trans national television newsreader and co-host of Loose Women.
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For fans, Rowling’s dogged efforts to demonize trans people have been harrowing. The rift between the universe’s creator and its unofficial caretakers has turned into a chasm. There doesn’t appear to be an end, nor a bridge, in sight.
In Rowling’s second novel, Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets, the wizarding world’s evil is growing stronger. The villains, believers in magic-based eugenics, are getting louder. Even the titular young wizard is being enticed to agree with their bigoted beliefs by the specter of a charismatic young Voldemort.
As the serpentine words slither through his mind, Harry turns to the wise Albus Dumbledore, the master of a fantasy world he has emphatically embraced — until now. The man slips him a simple truth, one that the Harry Potter fandom clings to tightly: “It is our choices, Harry, that show what we truly are, far more than our abilities.”
